Nobel Prize 2021: Climate Modeling, Drug Production, Pain Treatments, Literature, Freedom of Expression, Causal Analysis

Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann were awarded for their work in the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. Giorgio Parisi was awarded for his discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales.

They were awarded for their development of asymmetric organocatalysis, a method used in the production of many different types of drugs, which has been described as a "textbook discovery".

They were awarded for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch, which has paved the way for new pain treatments.

Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents.

They were awarded for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace. They are representatives of all journalists who stand up for this ideal in a world in which democracy and freedom of the press face increasingly adverse conditions.

They were awarded for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships. David Card was awarded for his empirical contributions to labour economics, while Joshua D. Angrist and Guido W. Imbens were awarded for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships.